RESUMO As perdas físicas de água em uma rede de distribuição podem ser causadas pelo excesso de pressão na rede, erroneamente associada a bom atendimento. Assim, é necessário não apenas reduzir o excesso de pressão, mas também saber onde ocorrem as perdas para providenciar soluções. O uso de ferramentas, como o Sistema de Informações Geográficas, e as simulações computacionais da rede são essenciais para a redução de perdas. Foi então realizado o estudo de uma rede real de distribuição de água em uma região montanhosa do sul de Minas Gerais, por meio do levantamento do setor a ser estudado, com o uso desse sistema de informações, e então feitas três simulações com o uso do software Epanet 2.0, sendo uma delas o cenário-base de referência para comparação com os cenários onde se realizaram melhorias. Depois, foram feitos mapas com o uso de do mesmo sistema informacional para levantamento das pressões e das mudanças realizadas na rede. Também foi feita uma projeção populacional no horizonte de 20 anos, tomando como partida o ano de 2020, para verificar se os indicadores de eficiência energética decairiam ao longo do tempo, com o aumento da população. Assim, os resultados dos três cenários (base, 32 e 35) foram 57,4, 48,2 e 46,6%, respectivamente, indicando redução de perdas conforme a redução da pressão nos cenários, e os indicadores de eficiência energética mostraram uma queda ao longo do horizonte estudado, contudo aceitáveis. Conclui-se que o uso desse sistema aplicado à rede de distribuição de água contribuiu para as análises com vistas à redução das perdas reais e de eficiência hídrica e energética em redes de distribuição de água.

ABSTRACT Excess of water head usually is misidentified as synonymous of good service, leading to water losses in the distribution network. Reducing excess of pressure and identify leaks using tools like Geographic Information Systems and computational simulations is essential to reduce water losses. The study was carried out simulating a real water distribution system in a mountainous city of south of Minas Gerais, with Geographic Information Systems survey of the region and three simulations using the Epanet software, one of which being the original scenario to compare with improved ones. Subsequently, maps using Geographic Information Systems assess pressure and modifications at the network were generated. A populational projection with a 20-year horizon, starting in 2020, was also carried out to assess whether energy efficiency indicators would decrease over time with the increase in population. The losses at base scenario and scenarios 32 and 35 was 57.4, 48.2, and 46.6%, showing a reduction in losses along pressure reduction, and energy efficiency indicators showed a decrease over the studied horizon, though still acceptable. This article concludes that the use of Geographic Information Systems applied to the water distribution network contributed to the analysis to reduce real losses and water and energy efficiency in water distribution networks.

ABSTRACT The objective with this study was to evaluate intake, feeding behavior, rumen fluid characteristics, performance, and nutrient digestibility of sheep fed banana pseudostem hay (BPH) with and without virginiamycin (VM). Thirty-two uncastrated male crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês lambs at approximately five months of age, with an average initial body weight of 25.00±1.95 kg, were used in the experiment. Four diets were tested, as follows: Tifton grass hay (TGH) plus concentrate with VM; BPH replacing 60% of TGH plus concentrate with VM; TGH plus concentrate without VM; and BPH replacing 60% of TGH plus concentrate without VM. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized design in a 2×2 factorial arrangement, in which the factors were represented by BPH and TGH with and without VM, organized in an orthogonal contrast. Banana pseudostem hay inclusion influenced nutrient intake, except for non-fibrous carbohydrates corrected for ash and protein. Neither idling nor water intake times were changed by VM inclusion or banana pseudostem hay addition. Rumen fluid pH did not differ among the contrasts (THV+BHV) vs. (TH+BH), THV vs. TH, and BHV vs. BH, which were used to evaluate VM influence. Banana pseudostem increased rumen fluid pH in the contrast THV vs. BHV, both treatments including VM. Mean temperature of rumen fluid was 34.07 °C, and it did not change by inclusions of VM or banana pseudostem hay. No difference was observed for crude protein digestibility in the evaluated contrasts. When associated with virginiamycin, banana pseudostem hay provides satisfactory performance and nutritional parameters for feedlot sheep. Virginiamycin does not change the performance or nutritional parameters of these animals when Tifton grass hay is used as the only roughage source.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar e quantificar achados incidentais em exames de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico realizadas unicamente para fins ortodôntico. Métodos: Foram incluídos os exames de tomografia de feixe cônico com finalidade de diagnóstico ortodôntico no período de novembro de 2011 a abril de 2014 (n=202) avaliados por dois examinadores e os dados coletados classificados em cinco grupos diferentes. Foi realizada análise exploratória dos dados através do cálculo de média, desvio padrão, frequência e porcentagem. A associação entre o local do achado e o gênero foi verificada através do teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: Foi encontrado um total de 227 achados; o grupo com maior número de achados foi o de origem dental (n=157), seguido do grupo de vias aéreas (n=46), de crânio (n=16) e de ATM (n=8). Exames sem nenhum achado representaram 20% do total. Os sujeitos com menores médias de idade foram encontrados no grupo de vias aéreas. A prevalência de alterações tomográficas incidentais em pacientes ortodônticos é alta. Conclusão: Um cuidadoso diagnóstico das imagens de tomografia de feixe cônico além da região de interesse ortodôntica é indispensável para prevenir patologias ocultas. Estudos adicionais podem ser realizados para avaliar qual a influência desses achados no tratamento ortodôntico.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to determine and quantify incidental findings in CBCT scans taken exclusively for orthodontic purposes. Methods: A total of 202 scans were evaluated by two examiners and classified into five different groups. Results: A total of 227 incidental findings were found in a sample of patients aged 5-58 years old. The highest number of findings was of dental origin (n = 157), followed by airway (N = 46), skull (N = 16) and ATM (n = 8). Scans with no incidental finding accounted for 20% of the examinations. Subjects having lower mean age were found in the group of airway findings. The prevalence of incidental findings in the current study was consistent with the literature, thus corroborating their high frequency. Orthodontists who make use of CBCT are responsible for assessment of all data. Conclusion: The precise evaluation of incidental findings may help in the early diagnosis, treatment and patient monitoring. Further studies should be conducted to assess the influence of these findings on the orthodontic treatment.

A Hiperplasia Coronoide (HC) e um aumento nao-neoplasico e relativamente raro do processo coronoide que pode limitar o movimento mandibular, como consequencia da intima relacao entre o processo coronoide hiperplasico e a regiao anterior do osso zigomatico. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) e extremamente util para a observacao dessa relacao, desempenhando assim um papel importante no diagnostico e planejamento do tratamento cirurgico. Uma vez que a TC e realizada, os dados podem ser vistos em muitos arranjos diferentes, incluindo o multiplanar (MPR) e a reconstrucao em 3D, no entanto, a resolucao desta ultima pode nao ser tao boa quanto a primeira. Nosso objetivo e analisar a importancia e a preferencia por reconstrucoes de imagens multiplanares (MPR) e 3D para diagnosticar e interpretar a Hiperplasia Coronoide (HC), comparando cirurgioes buco-maxilo-faciais com radiologistas orais. Ambas as articulacoes temporomandibulares (ATM) de 20 pacientes foram analisadas pelos 2 grupos. Tres imagens de cada ATM compreenderam o conjunto de exames (MPR, reconstrucoes 3D em maxima intercuspidacao e reconstrucoes 3D com abertura maxima da boca). Apos cada analise, os grupos responderam a um questionario sobre a utilidade de cada exame e classificou a relacao entre a cabeca da mandibula e da fossa mandibular. A Hipomobilidade esteve presente em 55,2%. Ambos os grupos afirmaram que tanto MPR e as reconstrucoes em 3D, especialmente a ultima, foram fundamentais para diagnosticar CH e as requisitariam para interpretar a HC corretamente. Foi encontrada uma diferenca significativa entre os examinadores sobre a MPR; apenas o grupo de radiologistas considerou que este exame nao e tao elucidativo para o diagnostico da CH.

Coronoid Hyperplasia (CH) is a non-neoplastic and relatively rare enlargement of the coronoid process that may limit mandibular movement as a consequence of the close association between the hyperplastic coronoid process and the anterior region of the zygomatic bone. Computed tomography (CT) is extremely useful for the observation of this association and plays an important role in diagnosing and planning surgical treatment. Once the CT scan is performed, the data can be viewed in many different arrangements, including multiplanar (MPR) and 3D rendering, although the resolution of the latter may not be as good as that of the former. Our aim is to analyze the importance of and preference for multiplanar and 3D reconstruction images for diagnosing and interpreting Coronoid Hyperplasia (CH), by comparing the opinions of oral surgeons and oral radiologists who analyzed both temporomandibular joints (TMJ) in 20 patients. Three images of each TMJ comprised the set of scans (MPR, 3D reconstructions with maximum intercuspation and 3D reconstructions with maximum mouth opening). After each analysis, the members of the two groups answered a questionnaire about the usefulness of each examination and classified the association between the head of mandible and mandibular fossa. Hypomotility was present in 55.2%. Both groups stated that both MPR and 3D reconstructions, particularly the latter, were fundamental for diagnosing CH and that they would request them in order to interpret CH correctly. The examiners were found to differ significantly regarding their opinion of MPR; only radiologists considered MPR to be less elucidative for the diagnosis of CH.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the aerobic microbiota of the rumen fluid from Holstein cows and heifers fed different tropical forage in the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 30 samples of rumen fluid from cows fed with sorghum silage were collected: 32 from cows fed Brachiaria brizantha, 12 from heifers that received sorghum silage and 11 from calves fed sugar cane foliage. The culture was carried out using the agar Sabouraud medium and the solid C medium, containing microcrystalline cellulose. The isolated mycelial fungi were identified by microculture technique and yeasts by micromorphological and physical-chemical analysis. Specific identification for yeasts was confirmed by ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. The presence of fungal colonies was confirmed on the Sabouraud medium for 100% of the samples. No significant differences were observed comparing the concentrations of mycelia fungi in the rumen fluid from cows fed different forages and for the two categories evaluated, fed sorghum silage. Yeast populations in the rumen fluid from heifers fed sugarcane were higher compared with those receiving sorghum silage. The yeast Pichia kudriavzevii (Candida krusei) was the most frequent and among the mycelial fungi, the genus Aspergillus was the most frequently observed, corresponding to 56% of the samples. Future studies should elucidate the variations in the populations of these microorganisms considering the carbohydrate sources in the tropical forages and the animal categories. The ecological or pathogenic role of these microorganisms should also be considered, aiming at improved productivity and health of cattle.

The purposes of this study were to investigate radiographically the dental and maxillomandibular in patients with neuropsychomotor disorders and determine the role of panoramic radiographs for quantitative and qualitative analyses of dental alterations. A total of 322 panoramic radiographs from 190 males and 132 females aged 4 to 57 years were obtained from the files of the Center for Care to Patients with Special Needs (CAPE; Dental School, University of São Paulo) and subdivided into syndromes, special needs, neurological, neuromuscular or cerebral disorders, and sequels of diseases. 32% of dental alterations were in tooth position, with 69% of this group associated with tooth rotation. The mandible accounted for 54.62% of alterations. The male gender (55.85%) and the permanent dentition (78.7%) were most affected. Panoramic radiographs were proved to be well suited for quantitative evaluation of dental anomalies of epidemiological nature. Panoramic radiographs are important diagnostic resources when applied to patients with special needs because of the difficulty to place intraoral films and held them correctly positioned during the radiographic technique.

O objetivo do presente estudo de caso é mostrar que as melhorias incrementais do processo de desenvolvimento de produto podem ser entendidas em função das fortes pressões de concorrência originadas no ambiente externo da subsidiária assim como na organização interna de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) da empresa multinacional. Do ponto de vista teórico, o artigo revela uma organização de P&D interna pouco comum que combina os três as formas conhecidas de estudos sobre governança: a hierarquia, o mercado e a cooperação. Nesse sentido, a empresa estudada é distinta da organização "clássica" baseada exclusivamente no controle hierárquico. Em linha com o objetivo mencionado, será mostrado que esta forma de organização é um dos principais fatores que fomentam a aprendizagem e as melhorias do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos. Este último ponto e a visão integral da organização de P&D em uma multinacional podem comunicar alguns insights instigantes para a comunidade de gestores de atividades inovadoras.

The objective of this case study is to demonstrate that incremental improvements in product development processes can be understood as an outcome of strong competitive pressures originated both in subsidiary's external environment and in the internal organization of the multinational corporations (MNC's) R&D activities. From a theoretical viewpoint, the article reveals an internal R&D organization rarely found in practice which combines three elements known forms studies of organizational governance: hierarchy, market and cooperation. In this respect, the company is different from the "classical" organization which is exclusively based on hierarchical control. In line with our main objective, we will show that this combination seems to be one of the main factors that foster learning and the improvement to the product development process. The latter point as well as the comprehensive perspective of a MNC's R&D organization might also convey some useful insights from a practical point of view.